Biomacromolecules+Notes+(Ch+1)

__Back to the Basics – Molecules__ ~ H, S, P, C, N, O – group of non-metal atoms bonded together ~ Molecules that have no overall charge are called **__NON-POLAR__**. Not attracted to water so therefore are known as **__HYDROPHOBIC.__** ~ Many molecules have regions of positive or negative charge, they are called **__POLAR.__** These are attracted to water and known as **__HYDROPHILIC__** ~ Molecules with complementary SHAPE and CHARGE will BIND together ~ The interactions that will occur between molecules will depend on the characteristics present (Right shape and right charge = BIND TOGETHER)

__ Biomacromolecules __ ~ Giant molecules that play an essential role in both the structure and function of cells. Polysaccharides || Simple sugar monomers || Glycosidic Linkage || Energy store, structural components of cells || Polynucleotides || Nucleotide monomers || Phosphodiester Linkage || Information molecules that constitute an organism’s genetic material || Polypeptides || Amino acid monomers || Peptide Linkage || Proteins have many diverse roles. They control & regulate cellular processes, assist in transport of substances, act as receptors and as structural components ||
 * ** Type of Biomacromolecule ** || ** Subunits/Monomers ** || ** Linkage / Bond ** || ** Cellular Function ** ||
 * Lipids || Fatty acids & Glycerol || Ester Linkages || Energy store, component of cell membrane, signalling molecules ||
 * Complex CHO’s
 * Nucleic acids
 * Proteins

**__ Condensation Reaction __** When 2 monomers join together to form a polymer a bond/ linkage is formed. A water molecule is released. **__ Hydrolysis Reaction __** When a bond/linkage is spilt into 2 monomers. A water molecule is used (splits to form hydrogen and oxygen) and is put into each monomer.

** LIPIDS **
 * ** CLASS ** || ** EXAMPLE ** || ** FUNCTION ** ||
 * Fatty Acid || Stearic Acid, Oleic Acid || Energy Source, Subunits of other lipids ||
 * Triglycerides || Fats and Oils || Energy storage ||
 * Phospholipids || Phospholipids || Structural component of plasma membranes ||
 * Glycolipids || Glycolipids || Recognition sites on plasma membrane ||
 * Steroids || Cholesterol, Sex hormones || Component of plasma membrane, signalling molecules ||
 * Terpenes || Vitamin A || Antioxidant ||

** CARBOHYDRATES **
 * Simple Carbohydrates || Monosaccharides || Glucose || Fuel molecule ||
 * ^  ||^   || Fructose || Fuel molecule ||
 * ^  ||^   || Ribose || Component of the nucleotide for RNA ||
 * ^  || Disaccharides || Sucrose || Transports sugar in vascular plants ||
 * ^  ||^   || Lactose || Component of milk ||
 * ^  ||^   || Maltose || Obtained in the b/down of starch ||
 * Complex Carbohydrates ||  || Starch || Storage molecule in plants ||
 * ^  ||   || Glycogen || Storage molecule in animals ||
 * ^  ||   || Cellulose || Component of the plant cell wall ||
 * ^  ||   || Chitin || Component of the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans ||

**PROTEINS –** 4 major classes based upon their function within the cells
 * Class || Function ||
 * Catalytic Proteins || E.g. Enzymes. Control & regulate chemical reactions in the cell ||
 * Structural Proteins || Provide support & shape the cell & are components of many structures ||
 * Mobility Proteins || Proteins are involved in movement of cells ||
 * Regulatory Proteins || Proteins regulate the movement of substances across the plasma membrane, act as signals between cells, are components of the immune response and can be toxins that assist in defence & food capture ||

~ Each protein molecule has a characteristic 3D shape that results from coiling and folding of the polypeptide chain ~ The function of the protein depends upon the shape of the molecule ~ A protein molecule has 3 or 4 levels of organisation: 1. Primary Structure: Simply the order or sequence of amino acids that have been assembled into a polypeptide chain (this has been genetically determined)

2. Secondary Structure: Hydrogen bonding between H and O or N atoms in the peptide bond fold or coil, the polypeptide to form alpha helices or beta sheets. This causes R groups to come closer together.

3. Tertiary Structure: As the R groups have come closer together, they attract + to –

4. Quarternary Structure: When more than 1 polypeptide chain come together and interact to form a protein.

** NUCLEIC ACIDS ** tRNA in the cytoplasm rRNA as a compontent of ribosomes || mRNA in the nucleus & cytoplasm tRNA in the cytoplasm rRNA as a compontent of ribosomes ||
 * || Prokaryotic Cell || Eukaryotic Cell ||
 * DNA || Found on the Single Chromosome in the cytoplasm and as circular structures called Plasmids || Found on linear structures called chromosomes in the nucleus. Also found in mitochondria & Chloroplasts ||
 * RNA || mRNA in the cytoplasm